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Android 4.3

Welcome to Android 4.3, a sweeter version of Jelly Bean!

Android 4.3 includes performance optimizations and greatnew features for users and developers. This document provides a glimpse of what's new fordevelopers.

See the Android 4.3 APIsdocument for a detailed look at the new developer APIs.

Find out more about the new Jelly Bean features for users at www.android.com.

Faster, Smoother, MoreResponsive

Android 4.3 builds on the performance improvements already included in JellyBean — vsync timing, triple buffering,reduced touch latency, CPU input boost, andhardware-accelerated 2D rendering — and adds newoptimizations that make Android even faster.

For a graphics performance boost, the hardware-accelerated 2D renderer nowoptimizes the stream of drawing commands, transforming it intoa more efficient GPU format by rearranging and merging draw operations. Formultithreaded processing, the renderer can also now use multithreadingacross multiple CPU cores to perform certain tasks.

Android 4.3 also improves rendering for shapes and text.Shapes such as circles and rounded rectangles are now rendered at higher qualityin a more efficient manner. Optimizations for text include increased performancewhen using multiple fonts or complex glyph sets (CJK), higher rendering qualitywhen scaling text, and faster rendering of drop shadows.

Improved window buffer allocation results in a faster imagebuffer allocation for your apps, reducing the time taken to start rendering whenyou create a window.

For highest-performance graphics, Android 4.3 introduces support forOpenGL ES 3.0 and makes it accessible to apps through bothframework and native APIs. On supported devices, the hardware accelerated 2Drendering engine takes advantage of OpenGL ES 3.0 to optimize texturemanagement and increase gradient renderingfidelity.

OpenGL ES 3.0 for High-Performance Graphics

Android 4.3 introduces platform support for Khronos OpenGL ES 3.0,providing games and other apps with highest-performance 2D and 3D graphicscapabilities on supported devices. You can take advantage of OpenGL ES 3.0and related EGL extensions using either framework APIsor native API bindings through the Android Native DevelopmentKit (NDK).

Key new functionality provided in OpenGL ES 3.0 includes acceleration ofadvanced visual effects, high quality ETC2/EAC texture compression as a standardfeature, a new version of the GLSL ES shading language with integer and 32-bitfloating point support, advanced texture rendering, and standardized texturesize and render-buffer formats.

You can use the OpenGL ES 3.0 APIs to create highly complex, highly efficientgraphics that run across a range of compatible Android devices, and you cansupport a single, standard texture-compression format across those devices.

OpenGL ES 3.0 is an optional feature that depends on underlying graphicshardware. Support is already available on Nexus 7 (2013), Nexus 4, andNexus 10 devices.

Enhanced Bluetooth Connectivity

Connectivity with Bluetooth Smart devices and sensors

Now you can design and build apps that interact with the latest generationof small, low-power devices and sensors that use Bluetooth Smart technology.

Android 4.3 gives you a single, standard API for interacting with Bluetooth Smart devices.

Android 4.3 introduces built-in platform support for Bluetooth SmartReady in the central role and provides a standard set of APIs thatapps can use to discover nearby devices, query for GATT services, and read/writecharacteristics.

With the new APIs, your apps can efficiently scan for devices and services ofinterest. For each device, you can check for supported GATT services by UUID andmanage connections by device ID and signal strength. You can connect to a GATTserver hosted on the device and read or write characteristics, or register alistener to receive notifications whenever those characteristics change.

You can implement support for any GATT profile. You can read or writestandard characteristics or add support for custom characteristics as needed.Your app can function as either client or server and can transmit and receivedata in either mode. The APIs are generic, so you’ll be able to supportinteractions with a variety of devices such as proximity tags, watches, fitnessmeters, game controllers, remote controls, health devices, and more.

Support for Bluetooth Smart Ready is already available on Nexus 7 (2013)and Nexus 4 devices and will be supported in a growing number ofAndroid-compatible devices in the months ahead.

AVRCP 1.3 Profile

Android 4.3 adds built-in support for Bluetooth AVRCP 1.3,so your apps can support richer interactions with remote streaming mediadevices. Apps such as media players can take advantage of AVRCP 1.3 through theremote control client APIs introduced in Android 4.0. Inaddition to exposing playback controls on the remote devices connected overBluetooth, apps can now transmit metadata such as track name, composer, andother types of media metadata.

Platform support for AVRCP 1.3 is built on the Bluedroid Bluetooth stackintroduced by Google and Broadcom in Android 4.2. Support is available rightaway on Nexus devices and other Android-compatible devices that offer A2DP/AVRCPcapability.

Support for Restricted Profiles

A tablet owner can set up one or more restricted profiles in Settings and manage them independently.

Your app can offer restrictions to let owners manage your app content when it's running in a profile.

Android 4.3 extends the multiuser feature for tablets with restrictedprofiles, a new way to manage users and their capabilities on a singledevice. With restricted profiles, tablet owners can quickly set upseparate environments for each user, with the ability tomanage finer-grained restrictions in the apps that areavailable in those environments. Restricted profiles are ideal for friends andfamily, guest users, kiosks, point-of-sale devices, and more.

Each restricted profile offers an isolated and secure space with its ownlocal storage, home screens, widgets, and settings. Unlike withusers, profiles are created from the tablet owner’s environment, based on theowner’s installed apps and system accounts. The owner controls which installedapps are enabled in the new profile, and access to the owner’s accounts isdisabled by default.

Apps that need to access the owner’s accounts — for sign-in,preferences, or other uses — can opt-in by declaring a manifest attribute,and the owner can review and manage those apps from the profile configurationsettings.

For developers, restricted profiles offer a new way to deliver more value andcontrol to your users. You can implement app restrictions— content or capabilities controls that are supported by your app —and advertise them to tablet owners in the profile configuration settings.

You can add app restrictions directly to the profile configuration settingsusing predefined boolean, select, and multi-select types. If you want moreflexibility, you can even launch your own UI from profile configuration settingsto offer any type of restriction you want.

When your app runs in a profile, it can check for any restrictions configuredby the owner and enforce them appropriately. For example, a media appmight offer a restriction to let the owner set a maturity level for the profile.At run time, the app could check for the maturity setting and then managecontent according to the preferred maturity level.

If your app is not designed for use in restricted profiles, you can optout altogether, so that your app can't be enabled in any restricted profile.

Optimized Location and Sensor Capabilities

Google Play servicesoffers advanced location APIs that you can use in your apps. Android 4.3optimizes these APIs on supported devices with new hardware andsoftware capabilities that minimize use of the battery.

Hardware geofencing optimizes for power efficiency byperforming location computation in the device hardware, rather than insoftware. On devices that support hardware geofencing, Google Play servicesgeofence APIs will be able to take advantage of this optimization to savebattery while the device is moving.

Wi-Fi scan-only mode is a new platform optimization thatlets users keep Wi-Fi scan on without connecting to a Wi-Fi network, to improvelocation accuracy while conserving battery. Apps that depend on Wi-Fi forlocation services can now ask users to enable scan-only mode from Wi-Fiadvanced settings. Wi-Fi scan-only mode is not dependent on device hardware andis available as part of the Android 4.3 platform.

New sensor types allow apps to better manage sensor readings. A gamerotation vector lets game developers sense the device’s rotationwithout having to worry about magnetic interference. Uncalibratedgyroscope and uncalibrated magnetometer sensors reportraw measurements as well as estimated biases to apps.

The new hardware capabilities are already available on Nexus 7 (2013) andNexus 4 devices, and any device manufacturer or chipset vendor can build theminto their devices.

New Media Capabilities

Modular DRM framework

To meet the needs of the next generation of media services, Android 4.3introduces a modular DRM framework that enables media applicationdevelopers to more easily integrate DRM into their own streaming protocols, suchas MPEG DASH (Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP, ISO/IEC 23009-1).

Through a combination of new APIs and enhancements to existing APIs, themedia DRM framework provides an integrated set of services formanaging licensing and provisioning, accessing low-level codecs, and decodingencrypted media data. A new MediaExtractor API lets you get the PSSH metadatafor DASH media. Apps using the media DRM framework manage the networkcommunication with a license server and handle the streaming of encrypted datafrom a content library.

VP8 encoder

Android 4.3 introduces built-in support for VP8 encoding,accessible from framework and native APIs. For apps using native APIs, theplatform includes OpenMAX 1.1.2 extension headers to supportVP8 profiles and levels. VP8 encoding support includes settings for targetbitrate, rate control, frame rate, token partitioning, error resilience,reconstruction and loop filters. The platform API introduces VP8 encoder supportin a range of formats, so you can take advantage of the best format for yourcontent.

VP8 encoding is available in software on all compatible devices runningAndroid 4.3. For highest performance, the platform also supportshardware-accelerated VP8 encoding on capable devices.

Video encoding from a surface

Starting in Android 4.3 you can use a surface as the input to a videoencoder. For example, you can now direct a stream from an OpenGL ES surfaceto the encoder, rather than having to copy between buffers.

Media muxer

Apps can use new media muxer APIs to combine elementary audio and videostreams into a single output file. Currently apps can multiplex a single MPEG-4audio stream and a single MPEG-4 video stream into a single MPEG-4 outputfile. The new APIs are a counterpart to the media demuxing APIsintroduced in Android 4.2.

Playback progress and scrubbing in remote controlclients

Since Android 4.0, media players and similar applications have been able tooffer playback controls from remote control clients such as the device lockscreen, notifications, and remote devices connected over Bluetooth. Starting inAndroid 4.3, those applications can now also expose playback progressand speed through their remote control clients, and receive commands tojump to a specific playback position.

New Ways to Build Beautiful Apps

Access to notifications

Notifications have long been a popular Android feature because they let userssee information and updates from across the system, all in one place. Now inAndroid 4.3, apps can observe the stream of notifications with theuser's permission and display the notifications in any way they want, includingsending them to nearby devices connected over Bluetooth.

You can access notifications through new APIs that let you register anotification listener service and with permission of the user, receivenotifications as they are displayed in the status bar. Notifications aredelivered to you in full, with all details on the originating app, the posttime, the content view and style, and priority. You can evaluate fields ofinterest in the notifications, process or add context from your app, and routethem for display in any way you choose.

The new API gives you callbacks when a notification is added, updated, andremoved (either because the user dismissed it or the originating app withdrew it).You'll be able to launch any intents attached to the notification or its actions,as well as dismiss it from the system, allowing your app to provide a completeuser interface to notifications.

Users remain in control of which apps can receivenotifications. At any time, they can look in Settings to see which apps havenotification access and enable or disable access as needed.Notification access is disabled by default — apps can use a new Intent totake the user directly to the Settings to enable the listener service afterinstallation.

View overlays

You can now create transparent overlays on top of Views andViewGroups to render a temporary View hierarchy or transient animation effectswithout disturbing the underlying layout hierarchy. Overlays are particularlyuseful when you want to create animations such as sliding a view outside of itscontainer or dragging items on the screen without affecting the viewhierarchy.

Optical bounds layout mode

A new layout mode lets you manage the positioning of Views inside ViewGroupsaccording to their optical bounds, rather than their clipbounds. Clip bounds represent a widget’s actual outer boundary, while the newoptical bounds describe the where the widget appears to be, within the clipbounds. You can use the optical bounds layout mode to properly align widgetsthat use outer visual effects such as shadows and glows.

Custom rotation animation types

Apps can now define the exit and entry animation types used on a window when thedevice is rotated. You can set window properties to enablejump-cut, cross-fade, orstandard window rotation. The system uses the custom animationtypes when the window is fullscreen and is not covered by other windows.

Screen orientation modes

Apps can set new orientation modes for Activities to ensure that they aredisplayed in the proper orientation when the device is flipped. Additionally,apps can use a new mode to lock the screen to its currentorientation. This is useful for apps using the camera that want todisable rotation while shooting video.

Intent for handling Quick Responses

Android 4.3 introduces a new public Intent that lets any app handleQuick Responses — text messages sent by the user in response toan incoming call, without needing to pick up the call or unlock the device. Yourapp can listen for the intent and send the message to the caller over yourmessaging system. The intent includes the recipient (caller) as well as themessage itself.

Support for International Users

More parts of Android 4.3 are optimized for RTL languages.

RTL improvements

Android 4.3 includes RTL performance enhancements and broader RTL supportacross framework UI widgets, including ProgressBar/Spinner andExpandableListView. More debugging information visible through theuiautomatorviewer tool. In addition, more system UI components arenow RTL aware, such as notifications, navigation bar and the Action Bar.

To provide a better systemwide experience in RTL scripts, more default systemapps now support RTL layouts, including Launcher, Quick Settings, Phone, People,SetupWizard, Clock, Downloads, and more.

Utilities for localization

Pseudo-locales make it easier to test your app's localization.

Android 4.3 also includes new utilities and APIs for creating better RTLstrings and testing your localized UIs. A new BidiFormatterclass provides a simple API for wrapping Unicode strings, so that RTL-scriptdata is displayed as intended in LTR-locale messages and vice-versa. To let you use this utility morebroadly in your apps, the BidiFormatter API is also now available for earlierplatform versions through the Support Package in the Android SDK.

To assist you with managing date formatting across locales, Android 4.3includes a new getBestDateTimePattern() method that automaticallygenerates the best possible localized form of a Unicode UTS date for a localethat you specify. It’s a convenient way to provide a more localized experiencefor your users.

To help you test your app more easily in other locales, Android 4.3introduces pseudo-locales as a new developer option.Pseudo-locales simulate the language, script, and display characteristicsassociated with a locale or language group. Currently, you can test with apseudo-locale for Accented English, which lets you see how yourUI works with script accents and characters used in a variety of Europeanlanguages.

Accessibility and UI Automation

Starting in Android 4.3, accessibility services can observe andfilter key events, such as to handle keyboard shortcuts or providenavigation parity with gesture-based input. The service receives the events andcan process them as needed before they are passed to the system or otherinstalled apps.

Accessibility services can declare new capability attributesto describe what their services can do and what platform features they use. Forexample, they can declare the capability to filter key events, retrieve windowcontent, enable explore-by-touch, or enable web accessibility features. In somecases, services must declare a capability attribute before they can accessrelated platform features. The system uses the service’s capability attributesto generate an opt-in dialog for users, so they can see and agree to thecapabilities before launch.

Building on the accessibility framework in Android 4.3, a new UIautomation framework lets tests interact with the device’s UI bysimulating user actions and introspecting the screen content. Through the UIautomation framework you can perform basic operations, set rotation of thescreen, generate input events, take screenshots, and much more. It’s a powerfulway to automate testing in realistic user scenarios, including actions orsequences that span multiple apps.

Enterprise and Security

Wi-Fi configuration for WPA2-Enterprise networks

Apps can now configure the Wi-Fi credentials they need forconnections to WPA2 enterprise access points. Developers canuse new APIs to configure Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) andEncapsulated EAP (Phase 2) credentials for authentication methods used in theenterprise. Apps with permission to access and change Wi-Fi can configureauthentication credentials for a variety of EAP and Phase 2 authenticationmethods.

Android sandbox reinforced with SELinux

Android now uses SELinux, a mandatory access control (MAC)system in the Linux kernel to augment the UID based application sandbox.This protects the operating system against potential security vulnerabilities.

KeyChain enhancements

The KeyChain API now provides a method that allows applications to confirmthat system-wide keys are bound to a hardware root of trust forthe device. This provides a place to create or store private keys thatcannot be exported off the device, even in the event of a root orkernel compromise.

Android Keystore Provider

Android 4.3 introduces a keystore provider and APIs that allow applicationsto create exclusive-use keys. Using the APIs, apps can create or store privatekeys that cannot be seen or used by other apps, and can beadded to the keystore without any user interaction.

The keystore provider provides the same security benefits that the KeyChainAPI provides for system-wide credentials, such as binding credentials to adevice. Private keys in the keystore cannot be exported off the device.

Restrict Setuid from Android Apps

The /system partition is now mounted nosuid forzygote-spawned processes, preventing Android applications from executingsetuid programs. This reduces root attack surface and likelihood ofpotential security vulnerabilities.

New Ways to Analyze Performance

Systrace uses a new command syntax and lets you collect more types of profiling data.

Enhanced Systrace logging

Android 4.3 supports an enhanced version of the Systracetool that’s easier to use and that gives you access to more types of informationto profile the performance of your app. You can now collect trace data fromhardware modules, kernel functions,Dalvik VM including garbage collection, resourcesloading, and more.

Android 4.3 also includes new Trace APIs that you can use in your apps to markspecific sections of code to trace using Systrace begin/endevents. When the marked sections of code execute, the system writes thebegin/end events to the trace log. There's minimal impact on the performance ofyour app, so timings reported give you an accurate view of what your app isdoing.

You can visualize app-specific events in a timeline in the Systrace outputfile and analyze the events in the context of other kernel and user space tracedata. Together with existing Systrace tags, custom app sections can give you newways to understand the performance and behavior of your apps.

On-screen GPU profiling

Android 4.3 adds new developer options to help you analyze your app’sperformance and pinpoint rendering issues on any device or emulator.

In the Profile GPU rendering option you can now visualizeyour app’s effective framerate on-screen, while the app is running. You canchoose to display profiling data as on-screen bar or linegraphs, with colors indicating time spent creating drawing commands(blue), issuing the commands (orange), and waiting for the commands to complete(yellow). The system updates the on-screen graphs continuously, displaying agraph for each visible Activity, including the navigation bar and notificationbar.

A green line highlights the 16ms threshold for renderingoperations, so you can assess the your app’s effective framerate relativeto a 60 fps goal (because 1/60th of a second equals roughly 16ms).If you see operations that cross the green line, youcan analyze them further using Systrace and other tools.

On devices running Android 4.2 and higher,developer options are hidden by default. You can reveal them at any time bytapping 7 times on Settings > About phone > Build numberon any compatible Android device.

StrictMode warning for file URIs

The latest addition to the StrictMode tool is a policy constraint that warnswhen your app exposes a file:// URI to the system or another app.In some cases the receiving app may not have access to the file://URI path, so when sharing files between apps, a content:// URI shouldbe used (with the appropriate permission). This new policy helps you catch and fixsuch cases. If you’re looking for a convenient way to store and expose files to otherapps, try using the FileProvider content provider that’s availablein the Support Library.

Android 4.2

Welcome to Android 4.2, the latest version of Jelly Bean!

Android 4.2 has performance optimizations, a refreshed system UI, and greatnew features for users and developers. This document provides a glimpse of what's new fordevelopers.

See the Android 4.2 APIsdocument for a detailed look at the new developer APIs.

Find out more about the new Jelly Bean features for users at www.android.com.

Faster, Smoother, More Responsive

Android 4.2 builds on the performance improvements already included in Jelly Bean— vsync timing, triple buffering,reduced touch latency, and CPU input boost— and adds new optimizations that make Android even faster.

Improvements in the hardware-accelerated 2D renderer makecommon animations such as scrolling and swiping smoother and faster. Inparticular, drawing is optimized for layers, clipping andcertain shapes (rounded rects, circles and ovals).

A variety of WebView rendering optimizations make scrollingof web pages smoother and free from jitter and lags.

Android’s Renderscript Compute is the first computationplatform ported to run directly on a mobile device GPU. It automaticallytakes advantage of GPU computation resources whenever possible,dramatically improving performance for graphics and image processing. Any app usingRenderscript on a supported device can benefit immediately fromthis GPU integration without recompiling.

Refined, refreshed UI

Android 4.2 refines the Jelly Bean user experience and brings familiarAndroid UI patterns such as status bar, system bar, and notifications window toall tablets.

All screen sizes now feature the status bar on top, withpull-down access to notifications and a new QuickSettings menu. The familiar system bar appears on thebottom, with buttons easily accessible from either hand. The ApplicationTray is also available on all screen sizes.

One tablet, many users

Now several users can share a single Android tablet, witheach user having convenient access to a dedicated userspace. Users can switch to their spaces with a single touch from thelock screen.

On a multiuser device, Android gives each user a separate environment,including user-specific emulated SD card storage. Users also have their ownhomescreens, widgets, accounts, settings, files, and apps, and the system keepsthese separate. All users share core system services, but the system ensures thateach user's applications and data remain isolated. In effect, each of the multipleusers has their own Android device.

Users can install and uninstall apps at any time in their own environments.To save storage space, Google Play downloads an APK only if it's not alreadyinstalled by another user on the device. If the app is already installed, GooglePlay records the new user's installation in the usual way but doesn't downloadanother copy of the app. Multiple users can run the same copy of an APK becausethe system creates a new instance for each user, including a user-specific datadirectory.

For developers, multi-user support is transparent —your apps do not need to do anything special to run normally in a multi-userenvironment and there are no changes you need to make in your existing orpublished APKs. The system manages your app in each user space just as it doesin a single-user environment.

New ways to engage users

You can extend app widgets to run on the lock screen, for instant access to your content.

Lock screen widgets

In Android 4.2, users can place app widgets directly ontheir lock screens, for instant access to favorite app contentwithout having to unlock. Users can add as many as five lock screen widgets,choosing from widgets provided by installed apps. The lock screen displays eachwidget in its own panel, letting users swipe left and right to view differentpanels and their widgets.

Like all app widgets, lock screen widgets can display any kind of content andthey can accept direct user interaction. They can be entirely self-contained,such as a widget that offers controls to play music, or they can let users jumpstraight to an Activity in your app, after unlocking along the way asneeded.

For developers, lock screen widgets offer a great new way to engage users.They let you put your content in front of users in a location they’ll see often,and they give you more opportunities to bring users directly into your app.

You can take advantage of this new capability by building a new app widget orby extending an existing home screen widget. If your app already includes homescreen widgets, you can extend them to the lock screen with minimal change. Togive users an optimal experience, you can update the widget to use the full lockscreen area when available and resize when needed on smaller screens. You canalso add features to your widgets that might be especially useful or convenienton the lock screen.

Daydream

Daydream is an interactive screensaver mode that starts whena user’s device is docked or charging. In this mode, the system launches adaydream — a remote content service provided by an installed app —as the device screensaver. A user can enable Daydream from the Settings app andthen choose the daydream to display.

Daydreams combine the best capabilities of live wallpapers and home screenwidgets, but they are more powerful. They let you offer the any kind of contentin a completely new context, with user interactions such as flipping throughphotos, playing audio or video, or jumping straight into your app with a singletouch.

Because daydreams can start automatically when a device is charging ordocked, they also give your app a great way to support new types of userexperiences, such as leanback or exhibition mode, demo or kiosk mode, and'attract mode' — all without requiring special hardware.

Daydream lets you create powerful interactive screensavers that display any kind of content.

Daydreams are similar to Activities and can do anything that Activitycan do — from rendering a UI hierarchy (without using RemoteViews) todrawing directly using Canvas, OpenGL, SurfaceTexture, and more. They can playvideo and audio and they can even accept direct user interaction. However,daydreams are not Activities, so they don’t affect the backstack or appear inRecents and they cannot be launched directly from your app.

Implementing a daydream is straightforward and you can take advantage of UIcomponents and resources that you’ve already created for other parts of yourapp. You can provide multiple daydreams in your app and you can offer distinctcontent and display settings for each.

External display support

Android 4.2 introduces platform support for externaldisplays that goes far beyond mirroring — apps can now targetunique content to any one or multiple displays that are attached to an Androiddevice. Apps can build on this to deliver new kinds of interaction andentertainment experiences to users.

Display manager

Apps interact with displays through a new display manager system service.Your app can enumerate the displays and check the capabilities of each,including size, density, display name, ID, support for secure video, and more.Your app can also receive callbacks when displays are added or removed or whentheir capabilities change, to better manage your content on externaldisplays.

Presentation window

To make it easy to show content on an external display, the frameworkprovides a new UI object called a Presentation — a type of dialog thatrepresents a window for your app’s content on a specific external display. Yourapp just gives the display to use, a theme for the window, and any uniquecontent to show. The Presentation handles inflating resources and rendering yourcontent according to the characteristics of the targeted display.

You can take full control of two or more independent displays using Presentation.

A Presentation gives your app full control over the remote display window andits content and lets you manage it based on user input events such as keypresses, gestures, motion events, and more. You can use all of the normal toolsto create a UI and render content in the Presentation, from building anarbitrary view hierarchy to using SurfaceView or SurfaceTexture to draw directlyinto the window for streamed content or camera previews.

Preferred display selection

When multiple external displays are available, you can create as manyPresentations as you need, with each one showing unique content on a specificdisplay. In many cases, you might only want to show your content on a singleexternal display — but always on the that’s best for Presentation content.For this, the system can help your app choose the best display to use.

To find the best display to use, your app can query the display manager forthe system’s preferred Presentation display and receive callbacks when thatdisplay changes. Alternatively, you can use the media router service, extendedin Android 4.2, to receive notifications when a system video route changes. Yourapp can display content by default in the main Activity until a preferredPresentation display is attached, at which time it can automatically switch toPresentation content on the preferred display. Your apps can also use mediarouter’s MediaRouteActionProvider and MediaRouteButton to offer standarddisplay-selection UI.

Protected content

For apps that handle protected or encrypted content, the display API nowreports the secure video capabilities of attached displays. Your app query adisplay to find out if it offers a secure video output or provides protectedgraphics buffers and then choose the appropriate content stream or decoding tomake the content viewable. For additional security on SurfaceView objects, yourapp can set a secure flag to indicate that the contents should never appear inscreenshots or on a non-secure display output, even when mirrored.

Wireless display

Starting in Android 4.2, users on supported devices can connect to an external display overWi-Fi, using Wi-Fi Display (a peer-to-peer wireless display solution that complies with theMiracast™ certificationprogram). When a wireless display is connected, users can stream any type of content to the bigscreen, including photos, games, maps, and more.

Apps can take advantage of wireless displays in the same way as they do otherexternal displays and no extra work is needed. The system manages the networkconnection and streams your Presentation or other app content to the wirelessdisplay as needed.

Native RTL support

Developers can now mirror their layouts for RTL languages.

Android 4.2 introduces full native support for RTL(right-to-left) layouts, including layout mirroring. With native RTL support,you can deliver the same great app experience to all of your users, whethertheir language uses a script that reads right-to-left or one that readsleft-to-right.

When the user switches the system language to a right-to-left script, thesystem now provides automatic mirroring of app UI layouts and all view widgets,in addition to bidi mirroring of text elements for both reading and characterinput.

Your app can take advantage of RTL layout mirroring in your app with minimal effort.If you want the app to be mirrored, you simply declare a new attribute in yourapp manifest and change all 'left/right' layout properties to new 'start/end'equivalents. The system then handles the mirroring and display of your UI asappropriate.

For precise control over your app UI, Android 4.2 includes new APIs that letyou manage layout direction, text direction, text alignment, gravity, andlocale direction in View components. You can even create custom versions oflayout, drawables, and other resources for display when a right-to-left scriptis in use.

To help you debug and optimize your custom right-to-left layouts, theHierarchyViewer tool now lets you see start/end properties, layout direction,text direction, and text alignment for all the Views in the hierarchy.

Enhancements for international languages

Android 4.2 includes a variety of font and characteroptimizations for international users:

• For Korean users, a new font choice is available — Nanum (나눔글꼴)Gothic, a unicode font designed especially for the Korean-language script.
• Improved support for Japanese vertical text displayed in WebViews.
• Improved font kerning and positioning for Indic, Thai, Arabic, and Hebrewdefault fonts.

The default Android keyboard also includes an updated set ofdictionaries:

• Improved dictionaries for French (with bigram support), English, andRussian
• New dictionaries for Danish, Greek, Finnish, Lithuanian, Latvian, Polish,Slovenian, Serbian, Swedish, Turkish

New ways to create beautiful UI

Nested Fragments

For more control over your UI components and to make them more modular,Android 4.2 lets you nest Fragments inside of Fragments. Forany Fragment, a new Fragment manager lets you insert other Fragments as childnodes in the View hierarchy.

You can use nested Fragments in a variety of ways, but they are especiallyuseful for implementing dynamic and reusable UI components inside of a UIcomponent that is itself dynamic and reusable. For example, if you use ViewPagerto create fragments that swipe left and right, you can now insert fragments intoeach Fragment of the view pager.

To let you take advantage of nested Fragments more broadly in your app, thiscapability is added to the latest version of the Android SupportLibrary.

Accessibility

The system now helps accessibility services distinguish between touchexploration and accessibility gestures while in touch-exploration mode.When a user touches the screen, the system notifies the service that a generictouch interaction has started. It then tracks the speed of the touch interactionand determines whether it is a touch exploration (slow) or accessibility gesture(fast) and notifies the service. When the touch interaction ends, the systemnotifies the service.

The system provides a new global accessibility option that lets anaccessibility service open the Quick Settings menu based on an action by theuser. Also added in Android 4.2 is a new accessibility feedback type forBraille devices.

To give accessibility services insight into the meaning of Views foraccessibility purposes, the framework provides new APIs for associating a Viewas the label for another View. The label for each View is available toaccessibility services through AccessibilityNodeInfo.

Improved Camera with HDR

Android 4.2 introduces a new camera hardware interface andpipeline for improved performance. On supported devices, apps can use anew HDR camera scene mode to capture an image using highdynamic range imaging techniques.

Additionally, the framework now provides an API to let apps check whether thecamera shutter sound can be disabled. Apps can then let the user disable thesound or choose an alternative sound in place of the standard shutter sound,which is recommended.

Renderscript Computation

In Android 4.2, Renderscript Compute introduces new scripting features, newoptimizations, and direct GPU integration for the highest performance incomputation operations.

Filterscript

Filterscript is a subset of Renderscript that is focused on optimizedimage processing across a broad range of device chipsets. Developerscan write their image processing operations in Filterscript using the standardRenderscript runtime API, but within stricter constraints that ensure widercompatibility and improved optimization across CPUs, GPUs, and DSPs.

Filterscript is ideal for hardware-accelerating simple image-processing andcomputation operations such as those that might be written for OpenGL ESfragment shaders. Because it places a relaxed set of constraints on hardware,your operations are optimized and accelerated on more types of device chipsets.Any app targeting API level 17 or higher can make use of Filterscript.

Script intrinsics

In Android 4.2, Renderscript adds support for a set of script intrinsics— pre-implemented filtering primitives that areaccelerated to reduce the amount of code that you need to write and toensure that your app gets the maximum performance gain possible.

Intrinsics are available for blends, blur, color matrix, 3x3 and 5x5 convolve,per-channel lookup table, and converting an Android YUV buffer to RGB.

Script groups

You can now create groups of Renderscript scripts andexecute them all with a single call as though they were part of a single script.This allows Renderscript to optimize execution of the scripts in ways that itcould not do if the scripts were executed individually.

Renderscript image-processingbenchmarks run on different Android platform versions (Android 4.0, 4.1, and 4.2)in CPU only on a Galaxy Nexus device.

Renderscript image-processing benchmarks comparing operations run with GPU + CPU to those run in CPU only on the same Nexus 10 device.

If you have a directed acyclic graph of Renderscript operations to run, you canuse a builder class to create a script group defining the operations. Atexecution time, Renderscript optimizes the run order and the connections betweenthese operations for best performance.

Ongoing optimization improvements

When you use Renderscript for computation operations, you apps benefit fromongoing performance and optimization improvements in theRenderscript engine itself, without any impact on your app code or any need forrecompilation.

As optimization improves, your operations execute faster and on morechipsets, without any work on your part. The chart at right highlightsthe performance gain delivered by ongoing Renderscript optimization improvementsacross successive versions of the Android platform.

GPU Compute

Renderscript Compute is the first computation platform ported to run directly on a mobile device GPU. It nowautomatically takes advantage of GPU computation resourceswhenver possible to improve performance. With GPU integration, even the mostcomplex computations for graphics or image processing can execute withdramatically improved performance.

Any app using Renderscript on a supported device can benefit immediately fromthis GPU integration, without recompiling. The Nexus 10 tablet is the firstdevice to support this integration.

New built-in developer options

The Android 4.2 system includes a variety of new developer options that makeit easier to create great looking apps that perform well. The new options exposefeatures for debugging and profiling your app from any deviceor emulator.

On devices running Android 4.2,developer options are hidden by default, helping to create a better experiencefor users. You can reveal the developer options at any time by tapping 7 timeson Settings >About phone >Buildnumber on any compatible Android device.

New developer options give you more ways to profile and debug on a device.

New developer options in Android 4.2 include:

• Take bug report — immediately takes a screen shot anddumps device state information to local file storage, then attaches them to anew outgoing email message.
• Power menu bug reports — Adds a new option to thedevice power menu and quick settings to take a bug report (see above).
• Verify apps over usb — Allows you to disable appchecks for sideloading apps over USB, while still checking apps from othersources like the browser. This can speed up the development process whilekeeping the security feature enabled.
• Show hardware layers updates — Flashes hardwarelayers green when they update.
• Show GPU overdraw — Highlights GPU overdrawareas.
• Force 4x MSAA — Enables 4x MSAA in Open GL ES 2.0apps.
• Simulate secondary displays — Creates one or morenon-secure overlay windows on the current screen for use as a simulated remotedisplay. You can control the simulated display’s size and density.
• Enable OpenGL traces — Lets you trace OpenGLexecution using Logcat, Systrace, or callstack on glGetError.

New Platform Technologies

Android 4.2 includes a variety of new and enhanced platform technologies tosupport innovative communications use-cases across a broad range of hardwaredevices. In most cases, the new platform technologies and enhancements do not directlyaffect your apps, so you can benefit from them without any modification.

Security enhancements

Every Android release includes dozens of security enhancements to protectusers. Here are some of the enhancements in Android 4.2:

• Application verification — Users can choose to enable“Verify Apps' and have applications screened by an application verifier, priorto installation. App verification can alert the user if they try to install anapp that might be harmful; if an application is especially bad, it can blockinstallation.
• More control of premium SMS — Android will provide anotification if an application attempts to send SMS to a short code that usespremium services which might cause additional charges. The user can choosewhether to allow the application to send the message or block it.
• Always-on VPN — VPN can be configured so thatapplications will not have access to the network until a VPN connection isestablished. This prevents applications from sending data across othernetworks.
• Certificate Pinning — The libcore SSL implementationnow supports certificate pinning. Pinned domains will receive a certificatevalidation failure if the certificate does not chain to a set of expectedcertificates. This protects against possible compromise of CertificateAuthorities.
• Improved display of Android permissions — Permissionshave been organized into groups that are more easily understood by users.During review of the permissions, the user can click on the permission to seemore detailed information about the permission.
• installd hardening — The installd daemon does not runas the root user, reducing potential attack surface for root privilegeescalation.
• init script hardening — init scripts now applyO_NOFOLLOW semantics to prevent symlink related attacks.
• FORTIFY_SOURCE — Android now implementsFORTIFY_SOURCE. This is used by system libraries and applications to preventmemory corruption.
• ContentProvider default configuration — Applicationswhich target API level 17 will have “export” set to “false” by default for eachContentProvider, reducing default attack surface for applications.
• Cryptography — Modified the default implementationsof SecureRandom and Cipher.RSA to use OpenSSL. Added SSLSocket support forTLSv1.1 and TLSv1.2 using OpenSSL 1.0.1
• Security Fixes — Upgraded open source libraries withsecurity fixes include WebKit, libpng, OpenSSL, and LibXML. Android 4.2 alsoincludes fixes for Android-specific vulnerabilities. Information about thesevulnerabilities has been provided to Open Handset Alliance members and fixes areavailable in Android Open Source Project. To improve security, some deviceswith earlier versions of Android may also include these fixes.

New Bluetooth stack

Android 4.2 introduces a new Bluetooth stack optimized for use with Androiddevices. The new Bluetooth stack developed in collaboration between Google andBroadcom replaces the stack based on BlueZ and provides improved compatibilityand reliability.

Low-latency audio

Android 4.2 improves support for low-latency audio playback, starting from theimprovements made in Android 4.1 release for audio output latency using OpenSLES, Soundpool and tone generator APIs. These improvements depend on hardwaresupport — devices that offer these low-latency audio features canadvertise their support to apps through a hardware feature constant. NewAudioManager APIs are provided to query the native audio sample rate and buffersize, for use on devices which claim this feature.

New camera hardware interface

Android 4.2 introduces a new implementation of the camera stack. The camerasubsystem includes the implementations for components in the camera pipelinesuch as burst mode capture with processing controls.

New NFC hardware interface and controller interface

Android 4.2 introduces support for controllers based on the NCI standard fromthe NFC-Forum. NCI provides a standard communication protocol between an NFCController (NFCC) and a device Host, and the new NFC stack developed incollaboration between Google and Broadcom supports it.

Dalvik runtime optimizations

The Dalvik runtime includes enhancements for performance and security acrossa wider range of architectures:

• x86 JIT support from Intel and MIPS JIT support from MIPS
• Optimized garbage-collection parameters for devices with > 512MB
• Default implementations of SecureRandom and Cipher.RSA now use OpenSSL
• SSLSocket support for TLSv1.1 and TLSv1.2 via OpenSSL 1.0.1
• New intrinsic support for StrictMath methods abs, min, max, and sqrt
• BouncyCastle updated to 1.47
• zlib updated to 1.27
• dlmalloc updated to 2.8.6

Android 4.1

Welcome to Android 4.1 the first version of Jelly Bean!

Android 4.1 is the fastest and smoothest version of Android yet. We’ve madeimprovements throughout the platform and added great new featuresfor users and developers. This document provides a glimpse of what's new for developers.

See the Android 4.1 APIs document for a detailed look at the new developer APIs.

Find out more about the Jelly Bean features for users at www.android.com.

Faster, Smoother, More Responsive

Android 4.1 is optimized to deliver Android's best performance and lowest touch latency, in an effortless, intuitive UI.

To ensure a consistent framerate, Android 4.1 extends vsync timing across all drawing and animation done by the Android framework. Everything runs in lockstep against a 16 millisecond vsync heartbeat — application rendering, touch events, screen composition, and display refresh — so frames don’t get ahead or behind.

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Android 4.1 also adds triple buffering in the graphics pipeline, for more consistent rendering that makes everything feel smoother, from scrolling to paging and animations.

Android 4.1 reduces touch latency not only by synchronizing touch to vsync timing, but also by actually anticipating where your finger will be at the time of the screen refresh. This results in a more reactive and uniform touch response. In addition, after periods of inactivity, Android applies a CPU input boost at the next touch event, to make sure there’s no latency.

Tooling can help you get the absolute best performance out of your apps. Android 4.1 is designed to work with a new tool called systrace, which collects data directly from the Linux kernel to produce an overall picture of system activities. The data is represented as a group of vertically stacked time series graphs, to help isolate rendering interruptions and other issues. The tool is available now in the Android SDK (Tools R20 or higher)

Enhanced Accessibility

New APIs for accessibility services let you handle gestures and manage accessibility focus as the user moves through the on-screen elements and navigation buttons using accessibility gestures, accessories, and other input. The Talkback system and explore-by-touch are redesigned to use accessibility focus for easier use and offer a complete set of APIs for developers.

Accessibility services can link their own tutorials into the Accessibility settings, to help users configure and use their services.

Apps that use standard View components inherit support for the new accessibility features automatically, without any changes in their code. Apps that use custom Views can use new accessibility node APIs to indicate the parts of the View that are of interest to accessibility services.

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Support for International Users

Bi-Directional Text and Other Language Support

Android 4.1 helps you to reach more users through support for bi-directional text in TextView and EditText elements. Apps can display text or handle text editing in left-to-right or right-to-left scripts. Apps can make use of new Arabic and Hebrew locales and associated fonts.

Other types of new language support include:

• Additional Indic languages: Kannada, Telugu, and Malayalam
• The new Emoji characters from Unicode version 6.0
• Better glyph support for Japanese users (renders Japanese-specific versions of glyphs when system language is set to Japanese)
• Arabic glyphs optimized for WebViews in addition to the Arabic glyphs for TextViews
• Vertical Text support in WebViews, including Ruby Text and additional Vertical Text glyphs
• Synthetic Bold is now available for all fonts that don't have dedicated bold glyphs

User-installable keymaps

The platform now supports user-installable keyboard maps, such as for additional international keyboards and special layout types. By default, Android 4.1 includes 27 international keymaps for keyboards, including Dvorak. When users connect a keyboard, they can go to the Settings app and select one or more keymaps that they want to use for that keyboard. When typing, users can switch between keymaps using a shortcut (ctrl-space).

You can create an app to publish additional keymaps to the system. The APK would include the keyboard layout resources in it, based on standard Android keymap format. The application can offer additional keyboard layouts to the user by declaring a suitable broadcast receiver for ACTION_QUERY_KEYBOARD_LAYOUTS in its manifest.

New Ways to Create Beautiful UI

Developers can create custom notification styleslike those shown in the examples above to display rich content and actions.

Expandable notifications

Notifications have long been a unique and popular feature on Android. Developers can use them to place important or time-based information in front of users in the notification bar, outside of the app’s normal UI.

Android 4.1 brings a major update to the Android notifications framework. Apps can now display larger, richer notifications to users that can be expanded and collapsed with a pinch or swipe. Notifications support new types of content, including photos, have configurable priority, and can even include multiple actions.

Through an improved notification builder, apps can create notifications that use a larger area, up to 256 dp in height. Three templated notification styles are available:

• BigTextStyle — a notification that includes a multiline TextView object.
• BigInboxStyle — a notification that shows any kind of list such as messages, headlines, and so on.
• BigPictureStyle — a notification that showcases visual content such as a bitmap.

In addition to the templated styles, you can create your own notification styles using any remote View.

Apps can add up to three actions to a notification, which are displayed below the notification content. The actions let the users respond directly to the information in the notification in alternative ways. such as by email or by phone call, without visiting the app.

With expandable notifications, apps can give more information to the user, effortlessly and on demand. Users remain in control and can long-press any notification to get information about the sender and optionally disable further notifications from the app.

App Widgets can resize automatically to fit the home screen and load different content as their sizes change.

Resizable app widgets

Android 4.1 introduces improved App Widgets that can automatically resize, based on where the user drops them on the home screen, the size to which the user expands them, and the amount of room available on the home screen. New App Widget APIs let you take advantage of this to optimize your app widget content as the size of widgets changes.

When a widget changes size, the system notifies the host app’s widget provider, which can reload the content in the widget as needed. For example, a widget could display larger, richer graphics or additional functionality or options. Developers can still maintain control over maximum and minimum sizes and can update other widget options whenever needed.

You can also supply separate landscape and portrait layouts for your widgets, which the system inflates as appropriate when the screen orientation changes.

App widgets can now be displayed in third party launchers and other host apps through a new bind Intent (AppWidgetManager.ACTION_APPWIDGET_BIND).

Simplified task navigation

Android 4.1 makes it easy for you to manage the “Up” navigation that’s available to users from inside of your apps and helps ensure a consistent experience for users.

You can define the intended Up navigation for individual Activity components of your UI by adding a new XML attribute in the app’s manifest file. At run time, as Activities are launched, the system extracts the Up navigation tree from the manifest file and automatically creates the Up affordance navigation in the action bar. Developers who declare Up navigation in the manifest no longer need to manage navigation by callback at run time, although they can also do so if needed.

Also available is a new TaskStackBuilder class that lets you quickly put together a synthetic task stack to start immediately or to use when an Activity is launched from a PendingIntent. Creating a synthetic task stack is especially useful when users launch Activities from remote views, such as from Home screen widgets and notifications, because it lets the developer provide a managed, consistent experience on Back navigation.

Easy animations for Activity launch

You can use a new helper class, ActivityOptions, to create and control the animation displayed when you launch your Activities. Through the helper class, you can specify custom animation resources to be used when the activity is launched, or request new zoom animations that start from any rectangle you specify on screen and that optionally include a thumbnail bitmap.

Transitions to Lights Out and Full Screen Modes

New system UI flags in View let you to cleanly transition from a normal application UI (with action bar, navigation bar, and system bar visible), to 'lights out mode' (with status bar and action bar hidden and navigation bar dimmed) or 'full screen mode' (with status bar, action bar, and navigation bar all hidden).

New types of remoteable Views

Developers can now use GridLayout and ViewStub views in Home screen widgets and notifications. GridLayout lets you structure the content of your remote views and manage child views alignments with a shallower UI hierarchy. ViewStub is an invisible, zero-sized View that can be used to lazily inflate layout resources at runtime.

Live wallpaper preview

Android 4.1 makes it easier for users to find and install Live Wallpapers from apps that include them. If your app includes Live Wallpapers, you can now start an Activity (ACTION_CHANGE_LIVE_WALLPAPER) that shows the user a preview of the Live Wallpaper from your own app. From the preview, users can directly load the Live Wallpaper.

Higher-resolution contact photos

With Android 4.1, you can store contact photos that are as large as 720 x 720, making contacts even richer and more personal. Apps can store and retrieve contact photos at that size or use any other size needed. The maximum photo size supported on specific devices may vary, so apps should query the built-in contacts provider at run time to obtain the max size for the current device.

New Input Types and Capabilities

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Find out about devices being added and removed

Apps can register to be notified when any new input devices are attached, by USB, Bluetooth, or any other connection type. They can use this information to change state or capabilities as needed. For example, a game could receive notification that a new keyboard or joystick is attached, indicating the presence of a new player.

Query the capabilities of input devices

Android 4.1 includes APIs that let apps and games take full advantage of all input devices that are connected and available.

Apps can query the device manager to enumerate all of the input devices currently attached and learn about the capabilities of each.

Control vibrator on input devices

Among other capabilities, apps can now make use of any vibrator service associated with an attached input device, such as for Rumble Pak controllers.

Animation and Graphics

Vsync for apps

Extending vsync across the Android framework leads to a more consistent framerate and a smooth, steady UI. So that apps also benefit, Android 4.1 extends vsync timing to all drawing and animations initiated by apps. This lets them optimize operations on the UI thread and provides a stable timebase for synchronization.

Apps can take advantage of vsync timing for free, through Android’s animation framework. The animation framework now uses vsync timing to automatically handle synchronization across animators.

For specialized uses, apps can access vsync timing through APIs exposed by a new Choreographer class. Apps can request invalidation on the next vsync frame — a good way to schedule animation when the app is not using the animation framework. For more advanced uses, apps can post a callback that the Choreographer class will run on the next frame.

New animation actions and transition types

The animation framework now lets you define start and end actions to take when running ViewPropertyAnimator animations, to help synchronize them with other animations or actions in the application. The action can run any runnable object. For example, the runnable might specify another animation to start when the previous one finishes.

You can also now specify that a ViewPropertyAnimator use a layer during the course of its animation. Previously, it was a best practice to animate complicated views by setting up a layer prior to starting an animation and then handling an onAnimationEnd() event to remove the layer when the animation finishes. Now, the withLayer() method on ViewPropertyAnimator simplifies this process with a single method call.

A new transition type in LayoutTransition enables you to automate animations in response to all layout changes in a ViewGroup.

New Types of Connectivity

Android Beam

Android Beam is a popular NFC-based technology that lets users instantly share, just by touching two NFC-enabled phones together.

In Android 4.1, Android Beam makes it easier to share images, videos, or other payloads by leveraging Bluetooth for the data transfer. When the user triggers a transfer, Android Beam hands over from NFC to Bluetooth, making it really easy to manage the transfer of a file from one device to another.

Wi-Fi Network Service Discovery

Android 4.1 introduces support for multicast DNS-based service discovery, which lets applications find and connect to services offered by peer devices over Wi-Fi networks — including mobile devices, printers, cameras, media players, and others. Developers can take advantage of Wi-Fi network service discovery to build cross-platform or multiplayer games and application experiences.

Using the service discovery API, apps can create and register any kind of service, for any other NSD-enabled device to discover. The service is advertised by multicast across the network using a human-readable string identifier, which lets user more easily identify the type of service.

Consumer devices can use the API to scan and discover services available from devices connected to the local Wi-Fi network. After discovery, apps can use the API to resolve the service to an IP address and port through which it can establish a socket connection.

You can take advantage of this API to build new features into your apps. For example, you could let users connect to a webcam, a printer, or an app on another mobile device that supports Wi-Fi peer-to-peer connections.

Wi-Fi P2P Service Discovery

Ice Cream Sandwich introducedsupport for Wi-Fi Peer-to-Peer (P2P), a technology that lets apps discover and pairdirectly, over a high-bandwidth peer-to-peer connection (in compliance with the Wi-FiAlliance's Wi-Fi Direct™certification program). Wi-Fi P2P is an ideal way to share media, photos, files and other types ofdata and sessions, even where there is no cell network or Wi-Fi available.

Android 4.1 takes Wi-Fi P2P further, adding API support for pre-associated service discovery. Pre-associated service discovery lets your apps get more useful information from nearby devices about the services they support, before they attempt to connect. Apps can initiate discovery for a specific service and filter the list of discovered devices to those that actually support the target service or application.

For example, this means that your app could discover only devices that are “printers” or that have a specific game available, instead of discovering all nearby Wi-Fi P2P devices. On the other hand, your app can advertise the service it provides to other devices, which can discover it and then negotiate a connection. This greatly simplifies discovery and pairing for users and lets apps take advantage of Wi-Fi P2P more effectively.

With Wi-Fi P2P service discovery, you can create apps and multiplayer games that can share photos, videos, gameplay, scores, or almost anything else — all without requiring any Internet or mobile network. Your users can connect using only a direct p2p connection, which avoids using mobile bandwidth.

Network Bandwidth Management

Android 4.1 helps apps manage data usage appropriately when the device is connected to a metered network, including tethering to a mobile hotspot. Apps can query whether the current network is metered before beginning a large download that might otherwise be relatively expensive to the user. Through the API, you can now get a clear picture of which networks are sensitive to data usage and manage your network activity accordingly.

New Media Capabilities

Media codec access

Android 4.1 provides low-level access to platform hardware and software codecs. Apps can query the system to discover what low-level media codecs are available on the device and then and use them in the ways they need. For example, you can now create multiple instances of a media codec, queue input buffers, and receive output buffers in return. In addition, the media codec framework supports protected content. Apps can query for an available codec that is able to play protected content with a DRM solution available on the device.

USB Audio

USB audio output support allows hardware vendors to build hardware such as audio docks that interface with Android devices. This functionality is also exposed with the Android Open Accessory Development Kit (ADK) to give all developers the chance to create their own hardware.

Audio record triggering

Android now lets you trigger audio recording based on the completion of an audio playback track. This is useful for situations such as playing back a tone to cue your users to begin speaking to record their voices. This feature helps you sync up recording so you don’t record audio that is currently being played back and prevents recordings from beginning too late.

Multichannel audio

Android 4.1 supports multichannel audio on devices that have hardware multichannel audio out through the HDMI port. Multichannel audio lets you deliver rich media experiences to users for applications such as games, music apps, and video players. For devices that do not have the supported hardware, Android automatically downmixes the audio to the number of channels that are supported by the device (usually stereo).

Android 4.1 also adds built-in support for encoding/decoding AAC 5.1 audio.

Audio preprocessing

Developers can apply preprocessing effects to audio being recorded, such as to apply noise suppression for improving speech recording quality, echo cancellation for acoustic echo, and auto gain control for audio with inconsistent volume levels. Apps that require high quality and clean audio recording will benefit from these preprocessors.

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Audio chaining

MediaPlayer supports chaining audio streams together to play audio files without pauses. This is useful for apps that require seamless transitions between audio files such as music players to play albums with continuous tracks or games.

Media Router

The new APIs MediaRouter, MediaRouteActionProvider, and MediaRouteButton provide standard mechanisms and UI for choosing where to play media. Support is built-in for wired headsets and a2dp bluetooth headsets and speakers, and you can add your own routing options within your own app.

Renderscript Computation

Android 4.1 extends Renderscript computation to give you more flexibility. You can now sample textures in your Renderscript compute scripts, and new pragmas are available to define the floating point precision required by your scripts. This lets you enable NEON instructions such as fast vector math operations on the CPU path, that wouldn’t otherwise be possible with the full IEEE 754-2008 standard.

You can now debug your Renderscript compute scripts on x86-based emulator and hardware devices. You can also define multiple root-style kernels in a single Renderscript source file.

Android Browser and WebView

In Android 4.1, the Android Browser and WebViews include these enhancements:

• Better HTML5 video user experience, including touch-to-play/pause and smooth transition from inline to full screen mode.
• Improved rendering speed and reduced memory usage for better scrolling and zooming performance.
• Improved HTML5/CSS3/Canvas animation performance.
• Improved text input.
• Updated JavaScript Engine (V8) for better JavaScript performance.
• Support for the updated HTML5 Media Capture specification (the 'capture' attribute on input type=file elements).

Google APIs and services

To extend the capabilities of Android even further, several new services for Android are available.

Google Cloud Messaging for Android

Google Cloud Messaging (GCM) is a service that lets developers send short message data to their users on Android devices, without needing a proprietary sync solution.

GCM handles all the details of queuing messages and delivering them efficiently to the targeted Android devices. It supports message multicasting and can reach up to 1000 connected devices simultaneously with a single request. It also supports message payloads, which means that in addition to sending tickle messages to an app on the device, developers can send up to 4K of data.

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Google Cloud Messaging is completely free for all developers and sign-up is easy. See the Google Cloud Messaging page for registration, downloads, and documentation.

App Encryption

Starting with Android 4.1, Google Play will help protect application assets by encrypting all paid apps with a device-specific key before they are delivered and stored on a device.

Smart App Updates

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Smart app updates is a new feature of Google Play that introduces a better way of delivering app updates to devices. When developers publish an update, Google Play now delivers only the bits that have changed to devices, rather than the entire APK. This makes the updates much lighter-weight in most cases, so they are faster to download, save the device’s battery, and conserve bandwidth usage on users’ mobile data plan. On average, a smart app update is about 1/3 the size of a full APK update.

Google Play services

Google Play services helps developers to integrate Google services, such as authentication, into their apps delivered through Google Play.

Google Play services is automatically provisioned to end user devices by Google Play, so all you need is a thin client library in your apps.

Because your app only contains the small client library, you can take advantage of these services without a big increase in download size and storage footprint. Also, Google Play will deliver regular updates to the services, without developers needing to publish app updates to take advantage of them.

For more information about the APIs included in Google Play Services, see the Google Play services developer page.